10,759 research outputs found
Reconciliation of generalized refraction with diffraction theory
When an electromagnetic wave is obliquely incident on the interface between
two homogeneous media with different refractive indices, the requirement of
phase continuity across the interface generally leads to a shift in the
trajectory of the wave. When a linearly position dependent phase shift is
imposed at the interface, the resulting refraction may be described using a
generalized version of Snell's law. In this Letter, we establish a formal
equivalence between generalized refraction and blazed diffraction gratings,
further discussing the relative merits of the two approaches.Comment: Submitted to Optics Letter
A Survey and Comparison of Device-to-Device Architecture Using LTE Unlicensed Band
© 2017 IEEE. Due to the rapid increase in data traffic, one of the solutions provided by mobile operators is to operate Long Term Evolution (LTE) in the unlicensed 5GHz band, as the licensed spectrum is becoming scarce. Mobile operators can expand their network capacity by operating LTE in the unlicensed band at lower cost when compared with using other licensed bands. Device to Device (D2D) communication, proven to be another effective way to enhance the capacity of a network, enables direct data exchange of localized traffic of users in proximity. Applying D2D communication to LTE unlicensed 5GHz band will further improve the network performance and user experience. In this article, we will discuss the new type of solutions that have been proposed for LTE operating in an unlicensed 5GHz band that includes; LTE-Unlicensed (LTE-U), LTE-License Assisted Access (LTE-LAA), LTE WiFi Link Aggregation (LWA), and MuLTEfire. We will discuss the important features along with their advantages and disadvantages and compare these technologies as well. We simulate LTE-LAA, LWA and MuLTEfire technologies in the presence of Wi-Fi hotspot and compare their results. Furthermore, we apply D2D communication to these technologies and from the results we conclude that MuLTEfire can increase the throughput drastically but network saturates quickly. Whereas, applying D2D communication with LWA is beneficial for a scalable network as it will not only increase the network throughput but will increase the network capacity as well
Ti/Al/Ni/Au Ohmic contacts for AlInN/AlN/GaN-based heterojunction field-effect transistors
The microstructure of AuNiAlTi/Al0.84In0.16N/AlN/GaNOhmic contacts annealed from 700 to 900 °C has been determined using transmission electron microscopy and associated analytical techniques. Intermixing and phase separation of the metal contact layers was observed to degrade the surface roughness. An optimal contact performance was obtained for contacts annealed at 800 °C and was attributed to the formation of TiN contact inclusions that had penetrated through the AlInN layers into the GaN layers underneath. These TiN contact inclusions had an inverted mushroom shape with a density of ∼108 cm−2, and they were invariably located at the positions of mixed-type threading dislocations. These inclusion defects would act as a conduction path between the metal contacts and the two-dimensional electron gas of heterojunction field-effect transistor devices. The AlInN layer remained intact in dislocation-free areas of all samples
The gendered nature of authorship
Authorship is the primary form of symbolic capital in science. Despite this, authorship is rife with injustice and
malpractice, with women expressing concerns regarding the fair attribution of credit. Based on an international
survey, we examine gendered practices in authorship communication, disagreement, and fairness. Our results
demonstrate that women were more likely to experience authorship disagreements and experience them more
often. Their contributions to research papers were more often devalued by both men and women. Women were
more likely to discuss authorship with coauthors at the beginning of the project, whereas men were more likely
to determine authorship unilaterally at the end. Women perceived that they received less credit than deserved,
while men reported the opposite. This devaluation of women’s work in science creates cumulative disadvantages
in scientific careers. Open discussion regarding power dynamics related to gender is necessary to develop more
equitable distribution of credit for scientific labor
Learn to Unlearn: A Survey on Machine Unlearning
Machine Learning (ML) models have been shown to potentially leak sensitive
information, thus raising privacy concerns in ML-driven applications. This
inspired recent research on removing the influence of specific data samples
from a trained ML model. Such efficient removal would enable ML to comply with
the "right to be forgotten" in many legislation, and could also address
performance bottlenecks from low-quality or poisonous samples. In that context,
machine unlearning methods have been proposed to erase the contributions of
designated data samples on models, as an alternative to the often impracticable
approach of retraining models from scratch. This article presents a
comprehensive review of recent machine unlearning techniques, verification
mechanisms, and potential attacks. We further highlight emerging challenges and
prospective research directions (e.g. resilience and fairness concerns). We aim
for this paper to provide valuable resources for integrating privacy, equity,
andresilience into ML systems and help them "learn to unlearn".Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures, 1 tabl
Special Libraries, December 1954
Volume 45, Issue 10https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/sla_sl_1954/1009/thumbnail.jp
Paleobiology and behavior
Paleobiology, the study of ancient life, gives us a window onto the habits, biology, and behavior of individuals and species that are now extinct. Although extinct species cannot be observed directly, their paleobiology and behavior can be inferred from study of the fossil and geological records in combination with knowledge about modern organisms and processes. Paleobiological reconstructions thus help to shed light on many aspects of ancient lives, including ecology, diet, locomotion, life history, mating systems, biogeography, speciation, extinction, and abundance
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